This paper aims at a good understanding of a surveyed concept based on the living experiences of Local actors. Making use of such an approach in examining the problems of Local Communities that have a tribal or traditional texture is one of the most required elements of scientific research in this regard. The present research suggests that utilizing a phenomenological approach in surveys about Local Communities development not only provides a chance to put prevalent development theories into practice but also allows to pay close attention to ignored groups and let them get into social activities and be active in social changes. Based on this reasoning, development is a kind of intervention, and intervention is a kind of facing, or reciprocal penetration of life experiences of different socio-political groups. Therefore teaching stakeholders’ measures and attitudes can be of effect on acceptance and approval of or resistance and opposition to any kind of development.

In the third millennium, undoubtedly has been upgraded to one of the thriving bases of the global economy and on the base of findings, it can be identified as the main economic resource for many countries. Tourism, along with its many benefits, has many negative effects as well; coping with those, needs relying on a suitable approach and proactive measures by planners and mangers especially in the public sector. In this article we have attempted to study tourism development approaches, selecting the most suitable approach in relation to Local community development. The spectrum of approaches includes: Boosterism, Economic (Industry-oriented), Spatial-Geographical, Community-oriented, and Sustainable Development which have been described and compared, using SWOT analysis. Finally, the most appropriate approach in terms of the development of community-centered tourism has been elaborated.

The increasing growth of urbanization along with the expansion of the peri-urban space in the big cities of Iran is one of the most important concerns of planners and official city managements and national managers. On the other hand, organizing the residents of dysfunctional structures in peri-urban spaces, centered on their all-round participation based on the empowerment of Local Communities, is one of the ways out of the socio-physical instability of peri-urban spaces in megacities. The role of empowering Local Communities, especially the residents of peri-urban spaces, in achieving socio-physical sustainability is a prominent indicator of this research. Although some past researches have examined the relationship between empowerment and sustainable development, most of them have not emphasized the concept of socio-physical sustainability with a participatory approach and in addition, they have not evaluated the components of socio-physical sustainability and empowerment at the same time. are Therefore, the present study tries to complete this new approach and examine the main goal of this research, which is to measure the effectiveness of empowering Local Communities in the socio-physical sustainability of the mentioned neighborhoods from the perspective of people's participation. The role of empowering Local Communities, especially the residents of peri-urban spaces, in achieving socio-physical sustainability is a prominent indicator of this research. Although some past researches have examined the relationship between empowerment and sustainable development, most of them have not emphasized the concept of socio-physical sustainability with a participatory approach and in addition, they have not evaluated the components of socio-physical sustainability and empowerment at the same time. are Therefore, the present study tries to complete this new approach and examine the main goal of this research, which is to measure the effectiveness of empowering Local Communities in the socio-physical sustainability of the mentioned neighborhoods from the perspective of people's participation.The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The information needed in this research has been collected by two methods of documentary study and field investigation, especially the researcher's objective observations and findings, as well as interviews, completion of questionnaires, and preparation of documents and audio and video documents. The statistical population of this research is the population living in Shahid Bahonar and Shahid Baskabadi neighborhoods. The statistical sample was calculated using Cochran's formula of 379 people. The sampling method is random sampling. In order to evaluate the relationships between variables and infer the results for inferential statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient method, univariate t-test and ANOVA and software such as EXCEL and SPSS have been widely used.In the studied sample, the total number of respondents is 379, of which 40.9% of respondents are female and 59.1% are male. In addition, 73.6% have a diploma and less than 15% are illiterate. Also, most of the respondents (82.3 percent) lived in the region for more than ten years in terms of the duration of residence in the region, and in terms of age, the largest number of respondents are in the age range of 20 to 30 years (42.5 percent) and In terms of marital status, the largest number of respondents are married with 67.8%.The significance level of the influence of social and physical stability factors in Local Communities is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05, also the value of t statistic is equal to 64.997 and positive and the average influence of social and physical stability factors on the Local social empowerment is equal to 115.4286 and is higher than the average number of 3, so we can say with 95% confidence: the components of social and physical stability such as social trust, social participation, social interaction, place belonging, sense of security, residential satisfaction, social equality , access and network of roads, physical quality of the building, accessibility to services and the combination and variety of uses have an impact on the sustainability of Local Communities. Also, according to the results of the ANOVA test, it is clear that the significance level is lower than 0.05, which means that the variance of the independent groups of empowerment of Local Communities are not equal. This means that there is a significant difference in the empowerment component between psychological, social, economic and political factors. Correlation coefficient has also been used to check the correlation between the dependent variable (physical-social stability) and the independent variable (empowerment). The results show that with increasing empowerment, social-physical stability also increases. Based on the obtained standard beta, for each unit of change in the standard deviation of social trust as much as 0.433%, there is a change in the standard deviation of the dependent variable of social and physical stability; Therefore, the contribution and role of social trust in explaining sustainability variables is much higher than other empowerment variables. Therefore, according to the results obtained from the statistical analysis in the current research, it can be claimed that one of the tools that urban management can use to create and maintain social and physical sustainability in peri-urban spaces is the empowerment of the residents of these spaces.

This paper reviews the citizen media and studies the fourth generation of communication development theories emphasizes on participatory communication. In this kind of theories the cibizen's parbicipation and their activeness is the center of case instead of the public Accessibility of media. Therefore providing an opportunity for dialogue through media and providing dialogue Democracy in the process of communication is considered as the basis of development in the Local Communities. In order to achieve the goal of communication development, the virtual networks prove to be a potential source and can depict the cooperation of Locals without any physical locations. The case study in the paper is Fesharaki Family Network which is a successful example of a virtual Media with the motto of "think Locally and act globally". Which Showes the capability of this class of Medias in the development.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dams are vital for water management but significantly impact Local Communities. Balancing development with sustainability requires understanding these effects. The study aims to explore the complex interconnection between dam sustainability, water quality chemistry, and Local Communities.METHODS: The environmental pillar for Jordanian dams was shaped by climate conditions and seismic activity, while the socioeconomic factors involved intersections density, population growth, and unemployment in the areas surrounding the dams, all of which significantly influence dam sustainability. The Wroclaw Taxonomic Method was used to develop the Index of Sustainable Dams, while the Granger Causality Test assessed causal connections among sustainability pillars.FINDINGS: The study classified dams performance using the Index of Sustainable Dams values. High-performance dams, with values from 0.010 to 0.299, included Kafrein, King Talal, and Wadi Shu'eib dams. Moderate performance, ranging from 0.299 to 0.528, comprised only Kufranja dam. Low-performance dams, with values from 0.528 to 0.937, included Wala, Wadi Arab, Zarqa-Main, and Mujib dams. Moreover, the findings reveal that the dams were significantly influenced by chemical factors (electrical conductivity and the biological oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand ratio). An average electrical conductivity of 1116 microsiemens per centimeter negatively affects dam sustainability and community engagement, highlighting water salinity's detrimental impact. Conversely, a biological oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand ratio of 0.09 positively influences sustainability and agricultural productivity, suggesting more efficient organic matter processing in well-functioning systems. Additionally, 8.6 percent of agricultural employment and 1.4 percent of female participation play crucial roles in shaping dams sustainability.CONCLUSION: Strong bidirectional causal relationships were observed between dams sustainability and changes in employment opportunities in the agricultural sector. Dam managers can use the index for Jordanian dams to pinpoint weaknesses, prioritize improvements, and track progress for enhanced sustainability.

The purpose of present research was to recognition of universities social participation strategies with Local Communities in Semnan province and university of Semnan. Research method was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). Qualitative part was based on Grounded theory which its process administered through three stages of open, axial and selective coding using deep interview with experts. For this purpose, through purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation, semi – structured interview was administered with 13university internal stakeholders and 16 external stakeholders who were familiar with university social participation. Qualitative part is based on affirmative factor analysis which 385 person were selected as sample size. Finding from data analysis revealed 20 concepts and functions that through filtration and repetitive issues, 20 saturated concepts were recognized which are categorized in 10 items in a paradigmatic model of research showing strategic university social participation factors including: developing university mission based on Local community needs, scientific work shop and conferences, participatory research contracts, employment of Local human resources, establishing Local participation, building non – governmental Communities and corporations, directing teaching and research toward solving Semnan problems, supervising research activities, comprehensive studies in the field of minerals, staring work shop for farmers, study graduates employment, start and developing new fields of study based on province and region needs, educating citizens about production and separation of domestic disposals, open university social climate for growth and supply of youth, teaching hand crafts to housewife's, especially in rural areas, sensitive programs related to environment, and reviewing educational contents based on community needs. Also, finding of quantitative parts confirm recognized strategies.

The present study was conducted to assess socio-economic impacts of deforestation of hyrcanian forests in two basins of Do-Hezar and Se-Hezar, northern Iran. To this end, changes in the forest area were detected over the period between 1990 and 2006. This was done by land use land cover maps, prepared from Landsat and IRS satellite images. The land use changes were investigated by enhancement of the images at each time interval. Furthermore, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was also used to evaluate the density of the land cover in the form of six greenness classes. Subsequently, the socioeconomic impacts of deforestation in the basins were estimated using rapid assessment matrix. Depending on the extent of destruction, the socioeconomic parameters affected by destroyed or decreased forest area were identified and scored by RIAM Software. The obtained results indicated that the greatest changes in forest area was occurred due to urban development and expanded farmland areas over the years between 2000 and 2006, when the greenness degree was also decreased. Acceding to the RIAM results, 3% of the deforestation impacts in two basins was very negative (-E) and 23% was moderately negative (-c). Besides, slightly negative (-A) impacts included 27% of the total negative effects. Although the adverse effects of deforestation on socioeconomic status of the residents were not very destructive, however, the impacts on the rural community could be important and noticeable.

Empowerment has always been considered as one of the primary directions for improving the quality of life in Local Communities, and it may be accomplished in a variety of ways depending on the circumstances. Some disadvantaged urban areas with a significant need for empowerment offer the pristine natural potential for ecotourism. Ecotourism not only provides the proper quality of the environment for tourists, but also offers the greatest protection in the host society's different social, economic, cultural, and environmental domains. In this study, the meta-combination approach is used to combine the two ideas of empowerment and ecotourism, resulting in a set of benefits for empowering Communities and the framework of Empowering Urban Ecotourism and its process and criteria had been explained by the relationship between, Empowering and Urban Ecotourism By means of using the Delphi method. The results of the research show that Empowerment ecotourism has social, cultural, economic, political, Psychology-perceptual, and, environmental domains. This approach follows step-by-step individual empowerment, increasing the ability to participate, social development and social effectiveness, social empowerment of the host Communities.